please upvote! a) Merchant brought all the forces measured(FC FT) & actual forces (F N FS NS) at the tip of tool and joined them head to tail which lead to circle & named as merchant model and merchant circle Independent variable of cutting process are cutting velocity, feed, depth, workpiece material, tool material, tool geometry & cutting environment b) cutting chips types 1)Discontinuous or segmental chips In brittle materials under low cutting speed large feed and depth of cut or negative rake angle will give irregular surface due to discontinuous chips Ex cast iron 2) continuou ... See the full answer