Question The development of European civilization created new external conditions for science and natural philosophy and set the stage for a vital new culture of learning that emerged in Europe. In what is known as the “Renaissance of the twelfth century,” European scholars came into contact with, and themselves began to build on, the philosophical and scientific traditions of antiquity and its continuation. And just as Europe was singular in its method of intensifying agriculture and in its use of machinery, it was also singular in founding an institution to harbor higher learning—the university, which was basically secular and independent. The university had a loose connection with the church and state authority. Against the background of weakly organized learning in the early Middle Ages, the appearance of the European university in the twelfth century and its rapid spread across Europe mark an institutional watershed in the history of science and learning. Instruction in medicine arose in the independent principality of Salerno in Italy in the ninth century, but the union of students and faculty that developed at Bologna usually ranks as the first university in Europe. The University of Paris followed by 1200, Oxford by 1220, and perhaps eighty additional universities appeared by 1500. The rise of the European university coincided with burgeoning cities and growing wealth made possible by the Agricultural Revolution, for universities were decidedly urban institutions, not rural like the monasteries, and they depended (and depend) on an idle student body with the means to pay for and the job prospects to justify attending universities. Mark the correct option: E-None of the above B-Despite occasional claims to the contrary, the European university was a unique institution. Modeled after the craft guilds of medieval Europe, universities evolved as nominally secular communities of students and master teachers, either as guilds of students (as in Bologna) who employed professors or as guilds of master teachers (as in Paris) who took fees from students. Moreover, universities did not depend on state or individual patronage like the scribal schools of antiquity or the Islamic madrasa. D-Both B and C are correct C-They were not state organs, but rather remained independent, typically feudal institutions—chartered corporations with distinct legal privileges under only the loose authority of the church and state. Privileges included the institutional right to grant degrees and freedom from town control. As essentially autonomous, self-governing institutions, universities thus fell in a middle ground between the total state control typical of the bureaucracies of the great empires and the wholly individualistic character of Hellenic science. A-Europeans established their universities upon Islamic higher education institutes or madrasas. The word university is a translation of the Arabic term al- Jame'a which roughly means a place for higher education. Europeans became aware of these institutes through their contacts with Muslims in southern Spain by mid-11 century. The influence of Islamic higher education system on European universities is evident in the curriculum (the Seven Liberal Arts), administration and even the name of the 11-century European higher education institute.
The development of European civilization created new external conditions for science and natural philosophy and set the stage for a vital new culture of learning that emerged in Europe. In what is known as the “Renaissance of the twelfth century,” European scholars came into contact with, and themselves began to build on, the philosophical and scientific traditions of antiquity and its continuation. And just as Europe was singular in its method of intensifying agriculture and in its use of machinery, it was also singular in founding an institution to harbor higher learning—the university, which was basically secular and independent. The university had a loose connection with the church and state authority. Against the background of weakly organized learning in the early Middle Ages, the appearance of the European university in the twelfth century and its rapid spread across Europe mark an institutional watershed in the history of science and learning. Instruction in medicine arose in the independent principality of Salerno in Italy in the ninth century, but the union of students and faculty that developed at Bologna usually ranks as the first university in Europe. The University of Paris followed by 1200, Oxford by 1220, and perhaps eighty additional universities appeared by 1500. The rise of the European university coincided with burgeoning cities and growing wealth made possible by the Agricultural Revolution, for universities were decidedly urban institutions, not rural like the monasteries, and they depended (and depend) on an idle student body with the means to pay for and the job prospects to justify attending universities. Mark the correct option:
E-None of the above
B-Despite occasional claims to the contrary, the European university was a unique institution. Modeled after the craft guilds of medieval Europe, universities evolved as nominally secular communities of students and master teachers, either as guilds of students (as in Bologna) who employed professors or as guilds of master teachers (as in Paris) who took fees from students. Moreover, universities did not depend on state or individual patronage like the scribal schools of antiquity or the Islamic madrasa.
D-Both B and C are correct
C-They were not state organs, but rather remained independent, typically feudal institutions—chartered corporations with distinct legal privileges under only the loose authority of the church and state. Privileges included the institutional right to grant degrees and freedom from town control. As essentially autonomous, self-governing institutions, universities thus fell in a middle ground between the total state control typical of the bureaucracies of the great empires and the wholly individualistic character of Hellenic science.
A-Europeans established their universities upon Islamic higher education institutes or madrasas. The word university is a translation of the Arabic term al- Jame'a which roughly means a place for higher education. Europeans became aware of these institutes through their contacts with Muslims in southern Spain by mid-11 century. The influence of Islamic higher education system on European universities is evident in the curriculum (the Seven Liberal Arts), administration and even the name of the 11-century European higher education institute.
Despite occasional claims to the contrary, the European university was a unique institution. Modeled after the craft guilds of medieval Europe, universities evolved as nominally secular communities of students and master teachers, either as guilds of students (as in Bologna) who employed professors or as guilds of master teachers (as in Paris) who took fees from students. Moreover, universities did not depend on state or individual patronage like the scribal schools of antiquity or the Islamic madrasa and They were not state organs, but ... See the full answer