circuits of every step of digital stopwatch using logisim Stage 1: Implement the Start/Stop button (10% of total marks) Stage 2: Implement a single digit “Seconds” display (15% of total marks) Stage 3: Implement the full two-digit “Seconds” display (20% of total marks) Stage 4: Implement the “Minutes” display (15% of total marks) Stage 5: Implement the

Field theory ​​​​​​​ 3. In 2011, a space probe named Juno was sent to closely study the planet Jupiter. It measures with its scientific instruments Jupiter's gravity and magnetic field and sends data back to the earth. Of course, communication takes place via radio signals. But the journey is long and the radio wave is attenuated a lot. Directional antennas and sensitive receivers are needed. Juno sends its signal (downlink) from space at a frequency of 8.4 GHz. The transmission power is 28 watts. The aperture of Luo Tait's transmission antenna is about two and a half meters and its gain is 44.2 dB. On Earth the signal is received by the antennas of the Deep Space Network system (DSN). On this channel, its paraboloid antenna (diameter 34 meters) has a gain of 68.1 dB. Find out how the distance between Jupiter and Earth varies and calculate the range of signal power received at the receiver accordingly. If the receiver sensitivity of DSN's BGW antenna (beam waveguide) is on the order of 10−20W, then think about what the result of your calculation says about whether the signal sent by Juno can be received to separate from the noise?

As a future professional, how can I advocate JUSTICE in my field and/or career? Cite AT LEAST 2 ways on how to propagate justice in your future workspace. Elaborate on how you are to show it.

Using 2’s complement, perform M – N with the following signed 5-bit binary numbers. Also check the result by performing subtraction directly. (i) M = 11010 N = 01101 (ii) M = 01010 N = 10000 (iii) M = 10010 N = 00001

Learning Goal: To understand the effect of the load resistance on the output voltage for a voltage divider. The circuit shown below can be viewed as a voltage divider. This circuit can be used to generate a new lower voltage $v_{\boldsymbol{o}}$ from an input DC voltage $v_{\boldsymbol{s}}$. alone, so the output voltage must decrease. For a given load resistance $R_{L}$, the output voltage is $v_{o}=\frac{R_{2}}{R_{1}\left(1+R_{2} / R_{L}\right)+R_{2}} v_{s}$. not drop below $4.5 \mathrm{~V}$ when $\boldsymbol{R}_{L}=100 \mathrm{k} \Omega$. What is the smallest resistor value that can be used for $\boldsymbol{R}_{1}$ ? Express your answer in $\mathrm{k} \Omega$ to three significant figures. View Available Hint(s) Submit Previous Answers Request Answer Incorrect; Try Again; 4 attempts remaining

2. Determine the nodal voltages for the networks in Fig. 2. Find the voltage across each current source. $[\mathbf{5}+\mathbf{5}]$ (I) (II) Figure for Question 2

  Problem Statement Design, simulate, and build a 3-bit Digital-to-Analog Converter with full-scale analog voltage, V FS = 5V. Note that some terms used in this document refer to concepts and/or quantities that we do not explicitly study in 2EI4. Part of the project is for you to conduct research to learn the meaning of these concepts and/or quantities to be able to complete the design and write the report. Examples of these are the full-scale analog voltage (VFS), the gain error, the maximum differential non-linearity, etc. Design Contraints 1. You are limited to the dc supplies available from your Digilent module. 2. You are limited to op-amps, transistors, and resistors from your 2EI4 and 2CI4 kits. 3. Current drawn from the digital bit lines cannot exceed 1μA (ideally 0). 4. The bit levels are 0V (logic low) and 5V (logic high). 5. For convenience, you are allowed to treat 0V on a bit line as logic-1 and 5V as logic-0 (i.e. if your design requires the inversion of the bit lines, you don’t actually have to build the three inverters). Please provide the design circuit with proper description.

mechatronics A strain gage bridge used in a load cell dissipates energy. Why? Compare the power dissipated in a bridge circuit with equal resistance arms for gages of $350 \Omega$ and $120 \Omega$ when the excitation voltage is $10 \mathrm{~V}$. What strategies can one employ if heating becomes a problem? Do these strategies have any deficiencies?

The transformer shown in the figure consists of a long wire coincident with the z-axis carrying a current $I=I_{0} \cos (\omega t)$. coupling magnetic energy to a toroidal coil situated in the $x-y$ plane and centered at the origin. The toroidal core uses iron material with relative permeability $\mu_{r}$, around which 100 turns of a tightly wound coil serves to induce a voltage $V_{\text {emf }}$, as shown in the figure. Calculate $V_{\text {emf }}$ for $f=60 \mathrm{~Hz}, \mu_{r}=4000, a=7 \mathrm{~cm}, b=10.5 \mathrm{~cm}, c=3.5 \mathrm{~cm}$, and $I_{0}=30 \mathrm{~A}$. Answer: \[ V_{e m f}=\quad \sin (\quad t) V \]

Q13: The self-bias configuration shown below has an operating point defined by $\mathrm{V}_{\text {Gso }}=-2.6 \mathrm{~V}$ and $I_{D 0}=2.6 \mathrm{~mA}$. with $I_{D * s}=8 \mathrm{~mA}$ and $V_{P}=-6 \mathrm{~V}$. The network is redrawn as Figure below with an applied signal Vi. The value of gos is given as $20 \mathrm{mS}$ a. Determine gm b. Find rd c. Find Za d. Calculate Zo with and without the effects of rd. Compare the results e. Cakulate $A v$ with and without the effects of rd. Compare the results. 15 Marks

Problem 3: When connected to a $60-\mathrm{Hz}$ voltage source with a signal amplitude of $100 \mathrm{~V}$, an inductor exhibits an impedance of $54 \Omega$. What will be the maximum current flowing through the inductor if the source frequency is reduced to $50-\mathrm{Hz}$ ?

Three-Phase Transformer Parallel Operation of Transformer   Content of the Research: Minimum of 5 pages 1. Background (Definition, History, etc) 2. Design 3. Calculation (5 examples) 4. Operation

Question 1 (10 points) For the Gaussian pulse example, determine the $\Delta T$ using the "full width at 0.1 of the maximum" spectral width instead of the FWHM. Take $T_{i}=50 \mathrm{ps}, L=80 \mathrm{~km}$ and $D=18 \mathrm{ps} /(\mathrm{km}-\mathrm{nm})$. Express your answer in ps.

In the RL circuit shown, DC winding resistance is 29.0 ohms, and the resistor value is 406.4 ohms. When this circuit is in a steady state with a $4.7 \mathrm{~V}$ source voltage applied, find $\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{L}}$ (in $\mathrm{V}$, to three significant figures). Answer:

Determine the input - output relation of the combined system; $S_{1}$ connected in series with $\mathrm{S}_{2}$, i.e., $\mathbf{S}=\mathbf{S} \mathbf{1 . S 2}$ $s_{1}: y_{1}(n)=2 x_{1}(n)+3 x_{1}(n-1) \quad s_{2}: y_{2}(n)=x_{2}(n-1)+2 x_{2}(n-2)$

1. A single-phase transmission line is composed of two solid round conductors having a radius of 0.45cm each. If the conductors are spaced 3.5m, calculate a. the value of the inductance per conductor b. the inductance of the line 2. A 15-km, 60Hz, single phase transmission line consists of two solid conductors, each having a diameter of 0.8cm. If the distance between conductors is 1.25m, determine the inductance and reactance of the line.

Question 1 Open-circuit and short-circuit tests on a 45-KVA, 2400/240-V, 50 Hz transformer gave the following results: Open-circuit test (with measurements done on the LV side): 240 V, 2.8 A, 135 W Short-circuit test (with measurements done on the HV side): 45 V, 18.7500 A, 600 W Record these values as you might need them in your subsequent calculations. a) Determine the parameters of the approximate equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to the HV side from the given test results. i. Enter Rc (in kOhms): (correct to 4 decimal places) ii. Enter Xm (in kOhms): (correct to 4 decimal places) iii. Enter Re1 (in Ohms): (correct to 4 decimal places) iv. Enter Xe1 (in Ohms): (correct to 4 decimal places) Record these values as you might need them in your subsequent calculations. b) Using the approximate equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to the HV side, determine the voltage regulation VR of the transformer operating at full load with the rated output voltage, 0.8 power factor lagging. Enter VR (in %): (correct to 4 decimal places) Please scroll to the bottom of page for END of question. c) Using the test results only (i.e., not using the approximate equivalent circuit of the transformer), determine the efficiency η of the transformer operating at 85% of full load with the rated output voltage, 0.8 power factor lagging. Enter η (in %): (correct to 4 decimal places) d) Using the test results only, determine the KVA load at maximum efficiency. Enter kVAmax (in kVA): (correct to 4 decimal places) e) Using the test results only, determine the maximum efficiency ηmax of the transformer at 0.8 power factor lagging. Enter ηmax (in %): (correct to 4 decimal places) • Please answer to 4 decimal places, for example 1.2345 • Do not enter space before, between and after the numbers

1.14 Let $x(t)$ and $y(t)$ be given in Figs. P1.14(a) and (b), respectively. Carefully sketch the following signals: (a) $x(t) y(t-1)$ (b) $x(t-1) y(-t)$ (c) $x(t+1) y(t-2)$ (d) $x(t) y(-1-t)$ (e) $x(t) y(2-t)$ (f) $x(2 t) y\left(\frac{1}{2} t+1\right)$ (g) $x(4-t) y(t)$ (a) (b)

For the next 5 questions, consider the circuit below. 1. What is the Thevenin resistance (in ohms) seen by the $250 \Omega$ resistor? 2. What is the Norton current (in amperes) seen by the $250 \Omega$ resistor? 3. Find the Thevenin voltage (in volts) seen by the $250 \Omega$ resistor? 4. Using the above Thevenin voltage and resistance, what is $\mathrm{y}_{\mathrm{Q}}$ (in volts) across the $250 \Omega$ resistor above? 5. If the $250 \Omega$ load is change to $100 \Omega$, what is yo (in volts) across the new load?

Compute the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of the following sequences by hand. Show your solution step by step. You can use MATLAB to verify your results. a) $x=[1,0,-1,0]$ b) $x=[j, 0, j, 1]$

A lossless 20 -km long coaxial cable whose characteristic impedance is $45.5 \Omega$ has the propagation velocity of $0.7 c(c=$ speed of light). Calculate (a) the capacitance per unit length and the inductance per unit length, (b) the ratio of the outer radius over the inner radius of this coaxial cable, (c) the relative permittivity of the dielectric between the outer and inner conductors of the cable. Answers: (a) $L_{\mathrm{u}}=\cdots ; C_{\mathrm{u}}=1.0466 \times 10^{-10}(\mathrm{~F} / \mathrm{m})(0.1047(\mathrm{nF} / \mathrm{m}))$; (b) $\ldots ;$ (c) $\varepsilon_{\mathrm{r}}=\ldots$ given ε=1

Problem 4: (20 points) Compute the inverse Fourier transform of the following signal

Assume for all problems, Si has an intrinsic concentration of 10^10/cm3 at 300K. a) Assume at 300K, you have a silicon with a bandgap of 1.1eV and Ef-Ev=0.2eV. What is the type (n or p) and the carrier concentration for the dominant carrier? b) A bar of Silicon 1 cm long, 0.5 cm wide and 0.5 mm thick as a resistance of 200 ohms. It is doped with 5x10^15 /cm3 As atoms and T=300 K. Calculate the mobility.

Problem 1) Simplify the block diagram shown in Figure P1 and obtain the transfer function $C(s) / R(s)$. Figure P1 Problem 2) Obtain the transfer functions $C(s) / R(s)$ and $C(s) / D(s)$ of the control system shown in Figure P2. $D(s)$

3) A typical electroretinogram (ERG) potential, the action potential recorded when the retina is stimulated with a brief flash of light, is shown in the figure below. Design a dc-coupled oneop-amp circuit that will amplify the $-\mathbf{3 0 0} \boldsymbol{\mu V}$ to $+\mathbf{7 0 0} \boldsymbol{\mu} \mathrm{V}$ input range to have the maximal gain possible without exceeding the typical guaranteed linear output range. Use supply voltage $\left(V_{c c}\right)$ to be $\pm 10 \mathrm{Vdc}$. Figure 3: Signal representation for problem 3

Find a $2^{\text {nd }}$-order system which meets all of the following constraints. Describe your design process. Provide a difference equation (with real coefficients) for your system, and provide a list of the $a_{1}, a_{2}, b_{0}, b_{1}, b_{2}$ coefficients. Provide a plot of the gain (in $\mathrm{dB}$ ) of the system versus frequency. - The filter must be stable. - The filter must completely reject $f=0.10$ cycles/sample. - The filter must provides a clear frequency-response peak at approximately $f=0.30$ cycles $/ \mathrm{sample}$. - The filter must have a DC gain of $1.0(0 \mathrm{~dB})$.

A trading company intends to install a small PBX to handle every increasing internal as well as external calls within the company. It is expected that the employees will collectively generate Poisson outgoing external calls with a rate of calls per minute. The duration of these outgoing calls is independent and exponentially distributed with a mean of minutes. Assuming that the PBX has separate external lines to handle the incoming external calls, how many external outgoing lines are required to ensure that the blocking probability is less than 1? You may assume that when an employee receives the busy tone he/she will not make an attempt again.

2) Reduce the block diagram shown in Figure P5.9 to a single transfer function, $T(s)=C(s) / R(s)$. [Section: 5.2] FIGURE P5.9 !!Please Show each steps. Thanks in advance!! !!!!Dont waste your time as well as mine!!!!

Please with the entire question. Many thanks! 4. Receiver Design (Continuous RV). We want to design a system for transmission of 1000 outcomes of Bernoulli trails from Alice to Bob. Each outcome $b$ is either 0 and 1 . Alice sets it up as follows: Transmit $S: S=+5 \mathrm{~V}$ for $b=1 ; S=-5 \mathrm{~V}$ for $b=0$. Unfortunately, there is noise on the channel such that the received signal $R$ is given by, \[ R=S+N \] The noise $N$ is also SI from one bit to the next. $N$ for any bit is uniformly distributed over $[-6,+6] \mathrm{V}$. Bob decides to process $R$ on a bit-by-bit basis. (a) Write the pdf of $S$. (b) Find the pdf of $R$. (c) Now, the receiver calculates the a-posteriori probabilities \[ \mathrm{p}(b=1 \mid R) \text { and } \mathrm{p}(b=0 \mid R) \] and decides in favor of the bit that has the highest probability. Write expressions for these a-posteriori probabilities and compute their values for $R=-8,-0.5,0.5$, and $+5 \mathrm{~V}$. (d) The receiver declares in favor of the bit that has the highest probability in (c). Write an expression for and compute probability of error $=\mathrm{p}(0$ is declared $\mid 1$ is sent $)$. (e) Explain the reason for choosing $+5 \mathrm{~V}$ and $-5 \mathrm{~V}$ and not say $0 \mathrm{~V}$ and $10 \mathrm{~V}$. Note: Both choices give equal probability of error.

Question: ITU standards in optical communication systems define designated channel frequencies and frequency separations. For instance, below you find the ITU list for $100 \mathrm{GHz}$ channel spacing. Calculate the corresponding wavelengths and channel separations in wavelengths (in nm unit), and also calculate variations in photon energies (in eV) from one channel to the adjacent channel? What is the wavelengths of $1^{\text {st }}$ and $120^{\text {th }}$ channels, and wavelength separations between $\mathrm{Ch} \# 1$ and Ch\#120? If each channel has $80 \mathrm{~Gb} / \mathrm{s}$ information capacity, what is the total information capacity of a 120channel optical communication system? \begin{tabular}{|l|l|} \hline Channel Number & Frequency $(\mathrm{THz})$ \\ \hline 1 & 190.1 \\ \hline 2 & 190.2 \\ \hline 3 & 190.3 \\ \hline 4 & 190.4 \\ \hline 5 & 190.5 \\ \hline$\ldots \ldots$ & $\ldots \ldots \cdots$ \\ \hline \end{tabular}